Gangs and gang behavior - week 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Gangs and gang behavior - week 6 - Essay Example Gangs dominated by male are found to have a high delinquency rate than that gang dominated by females since males have a high chance of controlling gangs and motivating female members to see the â€Å"benefits† of violent crime in terms of the rewards attached to these types of crimes. Hence, the involvement of male in female gangs might lead to the females in getting involved in crime that is more dangerous. Female gang groups are seen to be less violent than the male gangs are since females are less likely to use weapons against victims than males (James, 2012). Hence, the presence of males in female gangs increases the chances of the females using weapons against their victims when the males motivate the females to use weapons as a way of achieving the ends. Moreover, there is evidence to suggest that female gangs with males have a high possibility of getting involved in law breaking activities at higher frequencies than those having only female members due to the influence of the male bravado in these gangs. Most females leave, gangs at an earlier age than the boys do. Hence, by having males in the female gangs there is high probability that males will extend their stay thus leading to the female dominated gangs to be more involved in serious crime. This is because studies have shown that women grow out of crime at higher rates than males do (James,

Child Health Patterns Essay Example for Free

Child Health Patterns Essay 1)Compare and contrast identified similarities as well as differences in expected assessment across the childhood age groups. In the health perception category parents are responsible for their child’s perceived level of health and well-being, and on practices for maintaining health. In the school age years the children are beginning to incorporate their own health practices like good hygiene in their daily lives. The nutrition and metabolic pattern continues with help of the parents. Toddlers and preschoolers rely on their parents to make sure that they are eating the right foods. School age kids are in the stage where they can pick out their own foods and have been taught what the best sources of good nutrition are. In the toddler age group, parents are beginning to initiate toileting training. By the school age years this age groups has elimination patterns similar to adults. With the exception of those who have elimination problems like enuresis. Throughout the three age groups, activity and exercise levels continue to increase with the learning of new fine and gross motor skills. Once again parents continue to play a big role by promoting healthy levels of physical activity with their child. As the child begins to age so does their ability to comprehend and use information. Each age group the child continues to add another cognitive function. The biggest difference between sleep patterns is that as the child ages naps are no longer needed. All of the age groups tend to need at least 8 hours of sleep. The differences between the age groups in the roles and relationship pattern is that in the toddler and preschool age they try to identify with their parents or care givers whereas school age children begin to focus or identify with their peers. The value and belief pattern is instilled in the child when they are born. Parents or caregivers teach their children what values are important to them. 2)Summarize how a nurse would handle physical assessments, examinations, education, and communication differently with children versus adults. Consider spirituality and cultural differences in your answer. Adults and children are in two different stages of life. Children are in the stages were they are still learning and understanding how the healthcare world works. Most adults on the other hand are used to going to the doctor and they kind of understand the routine during the assessment process. â€Å"Many assessment techniques for the child are similar to those of the adults. Techniques for approaching the pediatric patient vary from one age group to the next. A basic principle during the physical assessment is building a trusting relationship; this can be done in a variety of ways† (Estes, 2006, pg 848). When assessing the child the nurse must establish a game plan based on the child’s age. Children are already frightened about the idea of receiving an exam but the nurse can use techniques to reduce anxiety. Parents or caregivers must be available for support. According to Estes, 2006 nurses can use game playing and they can demonstrate procedures on a doll, stuff toy or on the parent to increase patient cooperativeness. The writer remembers learning in nursing school about when taking the blood of a younger child. Never say â€Å"I’m going to take your blood pressure† but say something like â€Å"I going to see how strong your muscles are with this cuff†. When educating the child try to involve their parents but use materials that are on the child’s level. This can consists of materials that use colorful pictures and graphics. Individuals have to understand their own beliefs and traditions especially nurses who are with always dealing with the public. Each day more nurses are providing care to patients that are from different cultures. With such a diverse population challenges will be faced. â€Å"As American society shifts in demographics and attitudes about diversity, there is a growing recognition that health and illness care occurs in dynamic interactions situated within complex cultural contexts for both patients and providers† (Benkert, Borse, Doorenbos,Schim,2005, pg324). Nurse have to be more culturally sensitive when assessing and educating patients. If the nurse is unfamiliar with ethnicity or race then research should be done before the assessment if time allows. References Benkert, R. Borse,N. Doorenbos, A. Schim, S.2005. Psychometric Evaluation of the Cultural Competence Assessment Instrument Among Healthcare Providers. Nursing Research.54(5)324-331. Edleman,C. Mandle C.(2010). Health Promotion Throughout the Life Span. Missouri: Mosby Elsevier. Estes M. (2006). Health Assessment Physical Examination.Canada: Thompson Delmar Learning.

Gender-Based Problems of Women in Management Essay -- Psychology, Fem

Gender-Based Problems of Women in Management Early Research The focus of a good deal of the early research on gender-based problems at work has attempted to determine factors responsible for the problems. As noted by Talley (1988), women in management, especially the upper levels of management, were shown by this early research to have consistently been underrepresented and underutilized. An example of the kind of research that was being conducted at this time can be seen in research conducted by Gerike (1983) who compared a group of 34 women in upper- and middle-level management positions, most of them the sole woman at their level, with a group of 34 men matched to them only by job position or job title. Data were collected by mailing a lengthy researcher-designed questionnaire to the sample of female managers. According to Gerike (1983), the findings of the study showed a repeated pattern of gender-based discrimination. Specifically, it was found that female managers were lower in power and status than the males, on the basis of lower salaries; they were also less involvement than males with budgetary matters. In addition, managers more often trained and supervised employees of their own sex. Female managers had longer average tenure with their organizations but less managerial experience. They were paid significantly less than equally experienced males when job tenure for both was less than five years. Income for females but not for males was positively correlated with previous policy-making experience. Female managers were less involved in informal interactions with colleagues, such as lunching and socializing, and more of them were single (11 women, 1 man). Somewhat lower levels of risk-taking behaviors... ... used in the study was from the Current Population Survey, March 1982. Analyses revealed that education was significant in explaining the salary differential for the sample of salespeople only. Marital status was significant for the sample of male salespeople only. Age and hours worked were also found to be significant in explaining the wage differentials for female salespeople, male sales managers or department heads, and male salespeople. Hours worked was the only variable significant in explaining salary differences between married and single female buyers. Birth-order and its effects on the gender-related factor of attitudes toward female mangers was examined in a study conducted by Brenner and Beutell (1989). Since birth-order is one of the variables that will be examined in this study, Brenner and Beutell's study is pertinent to the proposed research.

The Search for Happiness in Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Brontë :: Jane Eyre Essays

Jane spends her first 10 years of her life at Gateshead Hall, a lavish mansion. She lived with her Aunt, Mrs Reed, and three cousins, Eliza, Georgina and John. During her time in the mansion she wouldn't dare argue with the mistress, and fulfilled every duty. Jane is deprived of love, joy and acceptance. She is very much unwanted and isolated. "Eliza, John and Georgiana were now clustered round their mama in the drawing-room... Me, she had dispensed from joining the group" (chapter) Mrs Reed keeps Jane only because of a promise she made to her husband on his deathbed. This abuse and neglect from her relatives forces Jane to be resentful and full of hatred. Later on Jane begins to stand up for herself. Once Jane begins to rebel to the abuse done by John and Mrs Reed, it is as if an uncontrollable beast had been unleashed inside of her. "Something spoke out of me over which I had no control" (chap) She rebelled because she was long deprived of freedom, and her imprisonment. From this isolation Jane manages to learn independence and learns to really only on herself for much needed comfort and entertainment. The most important lesson Jane learns at Gateshead is self independence. Jane is soon sent away to Lowood school. Lowood school has high walls and strict rules which holds the freedom of students. Lowood eats away at her body (inedible food, bad conditions), but Gateshead ate away at her soul (isolation). Life at Lowood is extremely harsh, the pupils are very often given inedible meals, horrific clothing, and extremely cold conditions. It is through miss Temple and Helen that Jane receives her first taste of love and acceptance. Helen is Jane's best friend at Lowood. Helen is a religious role (angelic, and talks about God), in shaping her character. Helen believes everyone should love their enemies. Although Jane does not take to Helens good heart and good nature, with her wie word, Jane respects her for them and listens very passionately to what Helen has to say. Mr Brockleurst is the head teacher of the school. He is another extremely religious figure that Jane comes across. He talks about the deadly sins Jane has commited, yet he does not see his own actions are far worse. Mr Brocklehurts is a harsh and dishonest man, forcing the school to live in squallid conditions, so he can support his own lavish lifestyle. "My plan is bringing up these girls is, not to accustom them to habits of luxuary and indulgence, but to render them hardy, patient, self-denying.

Macbeth Essay: Is Macbeth a sympathetic character? Essay

In Shakespeare’s screenplay, tragedies usually arouse feelings of pity and fear. Yet is the gradual breakdown of Macbeth enough for the audience to feel sympathetic for him? Macbeth is taken place in Scotland. It explores themes like power, desires, ambition and gender etc.. In the story, Macbeth is a general that, due to three witches’ prophecies, fell from a hero into the trap of dark desires for power. An interesting point to note is the relationship between man and woman in the story. Unlike classic views, Macbeth is a rather weak man at home and is dominated and influenced by his wife. I think that there are three points that prove Macbeth to be a sympathetic character. To begin with, Macbeth has never been treated fairly since the beginning. Firstly, the prophecies of the witches have never been fully true. They have hidden some of the truth and consequences just to spur Macbeth on. The prophecies is the reason to his thirst for throne and power. Macbeth believes everything the witches said is true as one of the prophecies has already been fulfilled. Because of the partial-lies, Macbeth thinks of himself undefeatable. His moral conscience allows him to doubt if he shall trust them. Second of all, Lady Macbeth is one of the main reason that pushes Macbeth’s mind to murder. As Lady Macbeth craves for power, she entices Macbeth to listen to her through asking him to strive for money and power. She also threatens and mocks Macbeth’s manhood and courage as a â€Å"coward†, telling him to â€Å"screw [his] courage to the sticking place†. During the murders, she even supports and supervises Macbeth in the murders by asking him to â€Å"leave all the rest to [her]†. Hence, Macbeth has so many outside influences, that it is much likely that he will not have continued with his thoughts to kill Duncan without the influence other characters made on him. Moreover, I believe that Macbeth suffers a lot more than what deserves. He may have hurted a lot of innocent people, but the consequences he faces is  much worse. First, he has been haunted by guilt ever since the first murder. He keeps on having hallucinations: the bloody daggers, Banquo’s ghost†¦ These all marks Macbeth’s guilt and remorse that will permanently stain him for the rest of his life. Secondly, he is slowly becoming more and more isolated. He first loses King Duncan, a man that puts in a lot of trust in him, after murdering him with his own hands. He then kills Banquo, his â€Å"friend† and â€Å"companion-in-arms†, because of the threats he poses to him. Near the end, he even loses his wife Lady Macbeth, who died from illness. At this point, Macbeth has already went from an isolated couple with Lady Macbeth to a totally isolated individual. He has nobody to confront with, nobody to talk to, he is all lonely. Third, his murders even cost his own life. The murders of Macduff’s family and Duncan eventually led to the revenge of Macduff and Malcolm. Therefore, we can see that Macbeth already has to face a lot of consequences due to his murders. Finally, Macbeth has always been portrayed as a real hero in the public’s eyes. In the beginning of the plot, it is mentioned that Macbeth fights a lot of wars for King Duncan and has gained the title of the Thane of Cawdor. He fights so tremendously like â€Å"a giant of fury and courage† that â€Å"he made killing almost holy†. His bravery and success is even described as â€Å"supernatural†. Even when he knows that he is finally going to lose, he still says that he â€Å"cannot fly, but bear-like [he] must fight the course.† He feels like a baited bear, chained to be attacked just for pure pleasure of audience, trapped and lonely, yet there is no going back, he has no chance to win this battle or even go back to where he once is. Yet he never once give up and still continue to fight and be courageous in such hard situations. Therefore, we can see that Macbeth is a real hero. Although some might say that although Macbeth is in grief and guilt, he continue to step further and murder more innocents. Even when Lady Macbeth repents, he never stopped to think what went wrong. In my opinion, Macbeth only did what a normal person would do. He only continued with the murders because there is no turning back. As he says, â€Å"I am in blood stepped in so far, †¦ returning were as tedious as go o’er.’ His mistakes has left him no other choices, even if he admit his wrongs, not much can be done. To him,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"another crime, another murder†¦ but did it matter any more?†. He cannot turn back time. What done is done. He have to face the consequences of his faults. In conclusion, Macbeth is a sympathetic character. He has a strong sense of honour and loyalty, even during the murders of Duncan, he is very resistant and faces a lot of guilt afterwards. It was only because of influence from others that turned him to his dark desires. The story would have turned out to be a lot different if Lady Macbeth is a typical woman. Macbeth will not have been motivated by so much without Lady Macbeth. Even so, when he found the witches to be a fraud, he still acts like a hero, faces the fact and fight with Macduff. Macbeth is a character that took in a lot of hits — from depression to conscience and psychological conflicts to loneliness and isolation. Therefore, no matter how much wrong Macbeth did, he already paid back through the consequences that hit him, he is a sympathetic character.

Writing a Research Paper on Cloud Storage for Education

Writing a Research Paper on Cloud Storage for Education Writing a Research Paper on Cloud Storage for Education For the past several years, cloud computing has been one of the most frequently heard terms. Nowadays we all understand the basic concept of the matter: cloud storage provides the use with an opportunity to avail of secure, safe and almost unlimited means of storing digital material on the web, without the necessity to depend on personal data centers and personal hardware. But how can a cloud computing become a part of an academic research paper? As an option, make sure to base your project on the advantages of the cloud storage for education. Instant Access from Anywhere. Forget all the â€Å"my neighbor’s dog ate my paper† excuses! From now on you can access your photo projects, papers, presentation from your personal mobile device or PC. Go Mobile! It’s time to leave your laptop at home because it’s time for your mobile phone to shine! All you need is your Smartphone to get a quick access to all the data, as well as share your files on the go. Just make certain to pick the device you may need and then – access all photos, files, music and so on via the Cloud. Easy File Share. If you need to instantly share some files with your class mates or professors, make sure to make use of the Cloud. Moreover, the item provides you with an opportunity to edit and send the files back while both drafts will be saved to the shared folder. Stay in Sync. Due to the multi-user sync, you can easily sync the same folder with your classmates locally. Thus, all the adds, changes and edits made to that folder will be updated on every PC automatically. Forget about the emailing back and forth and enjoy the most updated version of every file 24/7! Backup. Do not think about PC crushes, accidently dropped laptops, etc. Having the Cloud there with you will be 100% sure that all data will be automatically backed up. Apart from a bunch of benefits for the college and university students, the Cloud brings a lot of benefits for the teachers as well. Make sure to investigate this side of the matter in your research paper. Avail of the iPad During the Lesson. It’s not a secret that college and university professors use various tablets and gadgets in order to make the lessons more interesting with various videos, presentations and music files. Instant streaming without the wait will help them to easily pull stream videos and presentations. Collaborate in the Classroom. The Cloud provides the teachers with an opportunity to share all files with every student in the group or with the whole class. Thus, students can collaborate together on team papers. Instant Access to the Data. Professors have an instant access to the academic information from their work PC, tablet, which means the whole process of data organization as easy as pie. Use for Personal/Work Use. Cloud gives you a chance to create special folders for both – personal and work use. This makes the organization and distribution of data and documents simpler. If you need a custom written paper from our research paper service just visit our website and fill in the order form!

Tobacco Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Sidestream Smoke

Tobacco Essays - Smoking, Passive Smoking, Sidestream Smoke Tobacco ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE Tobacco smoking has long been recognized as a major cause of death and disease, responsible for an estimated 434,000 deaths per year in the United States. After the Environmental Protection Agency and the Surgeon General stated that cigarettes cause lung cancer there was a tremendous movement to make cigarettes illegal. Now the debate is on environmental tobacco smoke also known as secondhand smoke, passive smoking, and sidestream smoke. The worry is that when non-smokers are exposed to secondhand smoke they face the same health hazards as smokers. Tobacco smoke contains more than forty known carcinogens. Sidestream smoke carries these carcinogens into the air (Sussman 12). According to scientific studies tobacco smoke contains four thousand chemicals, and at least sixty are known to cause cancer. Carbon monoxide is the main gas in cigarette smoke. This gas competes with oxygen for binding sites on red blood cells, and results in depleting the body of oxygen (Q&A). Researchers studied 1,906 women of which 653 developed lung cancer. Women married to smokers were thirty percent more likely to develop lung cancer than those married to non-smokers (LeMaistre 1). According to the Environmental Protection Agency a thirty percent risk is only a small relative risk. The Environmental Protection Agency released its report stating that environmental tobacco smoke is a human lung carcinogen, responsible for approximately three thousand lung cancer deaths annually in American non-smokers. Environmental tobacco smoke has been classified as a Group A carcinogen, the highest ranking under the EPA's carcinogen assessment guidelines.

My Hero essays

My Hero essays Using a fictional character, a historical figure, or a contemporary person, talk about "heroes or heroism." When thinking of heroes to write on I the first and number one hero in my life is my father. My dad is the second oldest of five kids, he was raised in a traditional family where my grand father worked and my grand mother stayed home and raised the kids. I attribute his values and standers to way my father was raised. The reason he is my hero is because I want to be just like him. He loves his wife whom he has been married to for the past 35 years; he is very strong in his faith (Mormon) and loves all five of his children. I am the black sheep in the family, I smoke, drink, and have relationships with different women. Despite all of my faults he loves me the same as the rest of my siblings whom are living the standards of our church (which I remain in active in.) Our relationship grows stronger as time goes on and I get older and under stand more of how life works. We do several fix-it projects together; works on is his garden in the summer and the basement in the winter. I now I can go to my father with any problem I have in my life, he will listen and he is always there to help me out in what ever way he can if he is able to do so. When referring to my father in conversations, everyone whom knows him respects him for who he is and the way he treats others. I have never heard my father swear in my life and he has never treated my mother with any disrespect. He raised his children with a stern hand but never lost his calm cool with us kids. My dad was the enforcer in the house, when I had done something wrong and he punished my he would always say  ¡Chad, this hurts me more than it does you. ¡ Only now as an adult do I under stand what that meant and the incredible love my father had for all of us kids. I come from a very close family, all of us siblings have to see or talk to each o ...

Reflective practitioner Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reflective practitioner - Essay Example In this case, I cannot take the risk of not working hard with thinking that a miracle will happen, and I will pass. This is the exact thing that gets to happens in the world of sports. For a team to prosper, its members must take many risks that always make them get injured. We cannot fear taking risks because on one side lies getting injure. We should learn to look at the bright side that success lays. In reference to outdoor kinetic experience, different people get to have different experiences on different adventures. For example, one may vie fishing as a leisure activity; just for fun, while another person on the same boat will take fishing as a toll for measuring progress in that the other time he or she got two, this time the person wants to get three or four. This is what applies to people in the contemporary society. For example, I may consider education valuable because it will help me get a career while another person in the same class as me considers it necessary because i t will help him or her get more knowledge and not for career entry. According to John Rawls, every living thing should have the capacity to define a life plan. Different people get to hold different perspective in life. ... I tend to think that in the present age, despite having a life plan, a person is not sure he or she will be able to follow it as intended. This is because life brings along many bottlenecks that one gets to redefine the position of the life plan they once drafted. Handling different types of data Data is the most valuable asset that an organization may have. It is due to this fact that information systems are made, so as to ensure efficient analysis of the data, its storage and security. As a professional individual, it is crucial that one knows how to handle and present data, portraying the intended information analysis. Below we get to analyze a data from a survey on availability of university school courses and other dependent factors. Figure 1: Data University’s Business School Course Availability Survey Category Strongly Disagree Disagree Neutral Agree Strongly Agree Will you be satisfied if more sections are offered 0 2 9 9 13 Will you be more successful 4 3 12 7 7 Do yo u prefer to take business cources in the UCD 1 3 16 5 8 Sum 5 8 37 21 28 Average 1.666666667 2.666667 12.3333 7 9.333333333 Median 1 3 12 7 7 standard deviation 2.081665999 0.57735 3.51188 2 3.214550254 Figure 2: pictorial representation Pictorial representation of data is important due to a myriad of factors. The first reason is for easy analysis (AGRESTI, 2002,78). We can all conform that it is easier to deal that that is represented on a bar graph, rather than using the one on the spreadsheet. The second reason is for presentational purposes; when is representing data say to board of directors, it will be hard for them to conceptualize the progress of a company using raw data on a spreadsheet than on a bar graph. However, it is pertinent to

How Gene Luen Yang's Life contributes To the Novel American Born Essay

How Gene Luen Yang's Life contributes To the Novel American Born Chinese - Essay Example Monkey King is a master of the kung-fu arts, and this makes him be adored by his subjects and the most powerful monkey on the earth. However, the Monkey King wants to be recognized as god and not a monkey. Chin-Kee is a typical Chinese stereotype and he keeps on ruining his cousin’s (Danny) life. Danny is a great basketball player and a famous kid at school. However, each year Chin-Kee visits; he is forced to transfer to another school so that he escapes the shame. These three unrelated stories make up the comic novel â€Å"American Born Chinese† (Barnes&Noble 1). Themes The main theme in the comic novel is the attempt to fit in. There is tension between cultural forces and the essential self. In the storyline â€Å"Everyone Ruvs Chin-Kee,† American stereotypes are expressed by Gene Luen Yang’s narration as sitcom. The use of sitcom in this novel is proper because it is a genre that is mostly used in describing stereotypes. Chin-Kee as a typical Chinese is the part that Yang wants to deny in order to fit in with his white friends or peers. Chin-Kee offers nothing important to others in the context of the Chinese culture. This is because he is antiquated and dressed in the Chinese attire, speaks in Chinese accent, and instigates practices that the westerners find to be detestable (Pulliam 1). Chin-Kee eats cats and he is intensely patriarchal. He wants to look for an American girl who is big-breasted and whose feet he is able to bind so that he can have children with her. He plays horrible jokes on his peers, and he does not at all understand proper western behavior. Although Chin-Kee conforms to the stereotypic culture that all Asians are smart, in his case, the knowledge he has, is not useful at all. All the knowledge he has, is to popularize himself in the class and this makes him a laughing stock in an American high school. Yang has become completely assimilated as a Caucasian just like his parents. When it is time for Chin-Kee to leave, each of the parents believes that Chin-Kee is the relative of the other. This demonstrates the degree Jin’s parents have become assimilated (Pulliam 1). The Monkey King story represents the instance of Yang in regard to whom he really is and his culture. Just like the Monkey King, Yang tries to deny his actual self. At the end, the Monkey King must humbly accept who he is just like the monk Wong Lai-Tsao. According to Wong Lai-Tsao, this is the strategy to true transcendence, and it removes the suffering. The monk (Wong Lai-Tsao), â€Å"is free of want because he is free of ego that would make him want what he cannot have† (Pulliam 1). Among the four monks, he is the only monk who has attained legendary status in ancient times and his gifts are said to be remarkable. Wong Lai-Tsao was a master of being humble unlike the other monks who were either masters of bodily needs for movement or food or master rhetoricians. The monk is able to free the Monkey King from prison; he does this by telling him to accept his monkey form and give up all the other forms. If the Monkey King could have done that a long time, he would have been freed from prison. Just like Wong Lai-Tsao, the Monkey King is happy in his true form (the monkey form). Thus, Yang can only find happiness when he accepts who he is (Pulliam 1). Style The comic novel unfolds in three sections: a modern version of the Monkey King myth; the fake-sitcom of â€Å"

Critically evaluate the statement that understanding organizational Essay

Critically evaluate the statement that understanding organizational behavior is important to organizational success - Essay Example Indeed, this confirms that there is a link between organizational behavior and the performance and success of an organization, only that its workforce can differentiate the organization. This paper presents a thoughtful discussion to certify the fact that the understanding of organisational behaviour is important to organisational success. Arguably, studying and understanding organizational behavior is very important to be able to analyze the growth and success of any organization. Understanding organizational behavior involves knowing about individuals and human nature. More so, it is necessary to understand organizational behavior since the organizations themselves have members and the factors that affect the organizations have an impact on the people involved also. Actually, the organizational behavior enables individuals to perform tasks assigned to them effectively starting with the management to the employees in order achieve high productivity and success in an organization. Or ganizational behavior is actually one of the approaches of management (Fayyaz et al. 2008, p. 5). Moreover, understanding organizational behavior is valuable to the organization especially if the organization has effectively implemented organizational behaviors (Phillips & Gully, 2012, p. 6). ... 200). The key employees’ behaviours that are given attention in an organization include productivity, turnover and absenteeism. The absence or presence of employees determines their productivity and that of the organization since the management is concerned with quality of work done by the employees. Job satisfaction is a very important factor that has to be considered by the managers since it has been noted that there is a relationship between job satisfaction and productivity. Satisfaction also explains employees’ absenteeism and turnover as well as their motivation to perform their duties effectively. Apart from employees’ attitude and perception, productivity is influenced by job satisfaction, ethical optimism, and the kind of relationship between the employer and employee (Gilliland, Steiner & Skarlicki, 2007, p. 200). Managers are expected to handle their job effectively and efficiently and they can achieve this by having adequate knowledge to deal with a n ew workforce, and complications of the new working environment. Organizational behavior enables the organization perform well in that, paying attention to employees, and recognizing their performance form part of tasks a manager needs to focus on, in order to be successful (Phillips & Gully, 2012, p. 6). Accordingly, understanding organizational behaviour is very important in organizational success as it helps in examining interactions within small groups either formal or informal where individuals merge their efforts towards achieving organizational goals (Fayyaz et al., 2008, p. 4). Arguably, the goals of organizational behaviour include understanding why people behave the way they do, analyse how individuals behave under

Exercise 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exercise 4 - Essay Example Calling itself a start up, Mr. Brechner explained that by not taking a risk on the education and early technology training of the Uruguayan children, a whole generation was lost every year since they were prevented from experiencing equality and social inclusion. They did this by enacting active policies within the state. The initiative took great pride in being able to separate policy making and management while conceptualizing the project. The steering committee was involved in policy making while the management of the program was assigned to a separate and specialized institution. This was a feather in their cap because they were able to prevent the politicians in the country from meddling with management and the managers in the government were also unable to meddle when it came to policy making for the program. This was accomplished even though the states within the country were ill prepared to host a program of this magnitude. The program had to overcome such adversities as the fear of teachers that the students would know more than they did about technology, which, as everyone knows, is a given fact in our day and age. The teachers had to become comfortable with the idea that by using computers in class, the students will learn faster and will learn more but, the teachers still hold on to the power and authority that they traditionally had in the classroom. Since 2007 the program has deployed a total of 450,000 computers. These computers were distributed to various students from the first grade and all of primary school to the third grade of secondary school. In total, the computers were deployed to a total of 9 grades in public schools. Servers and connectivity were installed in over 2,500 schools and high schools. The man behind the program proudly announced that 99 % of students participating in their program had internet access in all their facilities with 40% not needing to walk more than 300 meters from where they live in order to have free Cibal in ternet access. Their current program includes transferring the ADSL programs of the schools to fiber optic for better bandwidth and applications. The company made sure that their network access would be publicly available in the most common places such as schools, hospitals, housing complexes and the poorest areas of Uruguay. The program has successfully trained 26 thousand teachers using portals and tv channels to further enhance the training that they received in their 4 year education courses. Total expenses per year for an average student in the program is $100. Included in that cost is the amount of maintenance for the computer, server, and other necessary components for the program. Amazingly, the total expenses on the program so far is less than 5% of the total education budget of the entire country. The results of the program are quite promising. First of all, Mr Brechner emphasized that the importance of the project could be measured in terms of it actually having been acco mplished. The program also had direct and indirect impacts. In numbers, he said that the program has 450.000 impacts, which is the equivalent of the number of students who are participating in the program. He claims that the expenses of the program were worthwhile because of the motivation that the children got to go to the school and study. By offering each student his own laptop, the student miss less classes and they do their work much more proficiently. The laptops brought education

Question's about the Otto group Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Question's about the Otto group - Assignment Example Because international expansion involves much strategic planning, the Otto Group has had to design a multichannel strategy that can be successful in any environment. The key to success on a global scale is to be flexible and go along with local market conditions. The Otto Group has planned this level of international expansion well by refocusing its strategic capabilities toward these areas. Although the company has been successful before with direct marketing channels, the Otto Group will need to change its focus to internet services because this is the way that modern shopping trends are going. The key is to make sure that customers buy into this e-commerce strategy and respond well to it. The firm appears to prefer takeovers and acquisitions going by its recent history in Europe. The reason for this is because these entry modes are less risky and the company can safeguard some of its investment. The markets of Central and Eastern Europe, although relatively untouched, can be risky for outsiders to enter because there is not a great deal of economic stability. It makes sense that the Otto Group would want to use an already existing brand because this saves on start-up costs. Conversely, in the United States the company seems to have learned its lesson. After a failed acquisition in 2009, the Otto Group returned the following year with a Greenfield investment. This makes sense because the American economy is relatively stable and the company can maintain greater control over business operations. The Otto Group is entering the US market again because it realizes the mistakes that it made before. Acquiring a US company does not allow the Otto Group to use its own innovations to reach the American consumer. Now that the company has "got its feet wet," the Otto Group knows what it needs to do to succeed and it is now willing to use its own resources and capabilities. With its prior attempt, the Otto

Exercise 4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Exercise 4 - Essay Example Calling itself a start up, Mr. Brechner explained that by not taking a risk on the education and early technology training of the Uruguayan children, a whole generation was lost every year since they were prevented from experiencing equality and social inclusion. They did this by enacting active policies within the state. The initiative took great pride in being able to separate policy making and management while conceptualizing the project. The steering committee was involved in policy making while the management of the program was assigned to a separate and specialized institution. This was a feather in their cap because they were able to prevent the politicians in the country from meddling with management and the managers in the government were also unable to meddle when it came to policy making for the program. This was accomplished even though the states within the country were ill prepared to host a program of this magnitude. The program had to overcome such adversities as the fear of teachers that the students would know more than they did about technology, which, as everyone knows, is a given fact in our day and age. The teachers had to become comfortable with the idea that by using computers in class, the students will learn faster and will learn more but, the teachers still hold on to the power and authority that they traditionally had in the classroom. Since 2007 the program has deployed a total of 450,000 computers. These computers were distributed to various students from the first grade and all of primary school to the third grade of secondary school. In total, the computers were deployed to a total of 9 grades in public schools. Servers and connectivity were installed in over 2,500 schools and high schools. The man behind the program proudly announced that 99 % of students participating in their program had internet access in all their facilities with 40% not needing to walk more than 300 meters from where they live in order to have free Cibal in ternet access. Their current program includes transferring the ADSL programs of the schools to fiber optic for better bandwidth and applications. The company made sure that their network access would be publicly available in the most common places such as schools, hospitals, housing complexes and the poorest areas of Uruguay. The program has successfully trained 26 thousand teachers using portals and tv channels to further enhance the training that they received in their 4 year education courses. Total expenses per year for an average student in the program is $100. Included in that cost is the amount of maintenance for the computer, server, and other necessary components for the program. Amazingly, the total expenses on the program so far is less than 5% of the total education budget of the entire country. The results of the program are quite promising. First of all, Mr Brechner emphasized that the importance of the project could be measured in terms of it actually having been acco mplished. The program also had direct and indirect impacts. In numbers, he said that the program has 450.000 impacts, which is the equivalent of the number of students who are participating in the program. He claims that the expenses of the program were worthwhile because of the motivation that the children got to go to the school and study. By offering each student his own laptop, the student miss less classes and they do their work much more proficiently. The laptops brought education

World war 2 in Europe Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

World war 2 in Europe - Annotated Bibliography Example The countries that suffered during the First World War namely Austria and Germany wanted to level the scores with their arch rivals (Dowswell). The reasons of world war two can be investigated in terms of the economic aspects, and the political aspects. The nations that were defeated in the First war of the Century were growing tired of the indemnities while others felt the jolts of Great depression that had originated from the United States. This resulted in sense of uneasiness and discomfort amongst the nations (Gordon). The war was being fought amongst the Allies and Axis. The Axis constituted the Germany, Japan and Italy. These three forces were enjoying considerable strength and power and aimed at oppressing the others. While the Allies on other front had a larger bench than the Axis and the main players in the league included United Kingdom, The former Soviet Union ( modern day Russia), France and the United States who tried to keep itself neutral, though it was pushed into it due to the grave nature of the entire war(Dickson). An important proceeding on this behalf was the internal build up of German nation in form of Adolf Hitler and his affiliated part Nazi that came into power in the third decade of 20th century (McDonough). Along with few other policies, the prime policy included revenge on behalf of the German nation that was brought upon them in the First World War. The war and ambitions were based more on unethical grounds and were strongly repugnant to the morality. His motto was the elimination of the Jews from the surface of Earth and considered the German nation to be superior to others. The handicapped and the Trans genders were direct victims of this mass concept of elimination (Aronson). Italian head Mussolini joined hands with Hitler in bid to strengthen his nation and economy in form of invasion and unrest in other parts of the world. Though the war officially started with Invasion of Poland, yet certain small incidents and events

Reconstruction Era of the United States Essay Example for Free

Reconstruction Era of the United States Essay By 1865, the Civil War ended with a victory for the Union over the secessionist southern states. But with every conclusion comes new beginnings, thus the start of a new chapter American History: The Reconstruction. 1865 through 1877 was known as the period of Reconstruction. During this time the Confederate States were reintegrated into the Union. Before the Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered his forces to the Union General, Ulysses Grant on April 9th, 1865 which actually ended the war, controversy raged throughout Congress and country concerning the terms under which the secessionist states would be allowed back into the Union. One prevalent concern was what role the federal government would play in the shaping of the political, economical, and social fabrics of the south. Desegregating roughly 4 million recently freed slaves into life in the new south was a controversial issue. The issue of slavery is actually what caused the secession of the southern states in 1860 and 1861. This dispute is what led to the start of the civil war. The war had left the south dramatically altered. The newly freed slaves struggled to survive in this new economy all while trying to coincide with an often acrimonious and resentful white population. The nation was left bitterly divided. President Abraham Lincoln believed that the South had already been drastically punished. He favored the lenient approach of Reconstruction. Lincoln issued the Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction; which in turn created the ten percent plan. Lincoln believed that the sooner the nation healed and moved forward, the better off everyone would be. The plan called for pardons to any Confederate who had not held civil office and would swear to support the Constitution and the Union. The states would be readmitted to the union once ten percent of their population took oath. Despite Lincoln did not adequately address how the newly freed slaves were to be accepted into Southern society. The Democrats and Republicans tended to favor more lenient policies for the south. A fraction of the Republican Party known as the ‘Radical Republicans’ pushed for harder programs that would punish the south and ensure that the newly freed black slaves would have total equality with the whites. These Radicals passed the Wade-Davis Bill in 1864 that said states could be readmitted to the union only after 50 percent of voters took an oath; however, President Lincoln quickly vetoed this bill. The Freedmen’s Bureau was then created; this helped distribute food, supplies, and land to the freed slaves. On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was famously shot in Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C. by a Confederate sympathizer, John Wilkes Boothe. He passed the following morning. His successor, Vice President Andrew Johnson was a very outspoken opponent of the rich slaveholders in the South. As a Southern Senator, he had refused to join the Confederacy. He preferred to preserve the Union. Johnson said he planned to carry out Lincolns Reconstruction Policies, although he believed that the South should be punished for its role in the war. Johnson was welcomed by the Radical Republicans initially; they believed he would pursue harsher policies than his preceptor, Lincoln. However, once in office, Johnson adopted a more lenient policy than expected. He pardoned many Confederate leaders. He allowed commanding former Confederates to keep their land and official posts. He argued that it was the responsibility of the states to set policies dealing which rights would be denied to blacks. These were known as the ‘Black Codes’. They were enacted in the south and severely limited the rights of the freedmen. Johnson’s plan or the â€Å"Presidential Reconstruction† was counted by the Radical Republicans in Congress. The Reconstruction policies became known as the Radical Reconstruction. The Radical Republicans argued that the main goal of Reconstruction should be to secure the same rights as white citizens for the newly freed slaves. They were enacted in the south and severely limited the rights of the freedmen. The advocates of the Radical Reconstruction included mostly Rapidly Reconstruction. He proposed a more lenient program of Reconstruction. This stemmed from his desires to heal the wounds of the war as quickly as possible. He wanted to put an end to the animosity between the North and South. Under this plan, the federal government was to appoint governors to head secessionist states. He offered executive pardons to all southerners minus the high ranking Confederate officials. Johnson’s decisions guaranteed that blacks would be forced to struggle to gain equality with the Southern Whites. Being he did not enforce any government control of the southern lands, not much changed in terms of the treatment of the African Americans. As these conditions continued to fail at improvement for blacks, the moderates were more inclined to agree with the Radical Republicans. The Congress in its new session and with its Republican majority, a stricter version of Reconstitution was passed. In 1867 The First Reconstruction Act was put into place; it separated the south into five districts that were to be governed by the U.S. military. It also said the south was to recognize and permit the former slaves before they could reenter the Union. To reassure that this order was followed the second Reconstruction Act was passed; this put the military in charge of southern voter registration. During this time the Fifth Amendment was also passed permitting all American men the right to vote, including the former slaves. Congress knew Johnson would use all possible power to rule the reconstruction the way he thought it should. Therefore, trying to restrict his powers, in 1867 the Tenure of Office Act was passed; which required the president to join with the House and Senate before removing congressionally appointed cabinet members. Johnson didn’t abide to this act causing the Republicans to impeach him in 1868. This is when Ulysses S. Grant was brought into office. Grant’s personality being inexperienced and extremely passive created many problems and a bad reputation for him. In 1872 his Vice President Schuyler Colfax was forced to step back from office; due to his involvement in the Credit Mobilier scandal. In addition to his Vice Presidents flaws his personal secretary assisted in the embezzlement of millions of dollars from the U.S. Treasury. These harmful acts and others drove the Republican Party to split apart; and resulting in the formation of Liberal Republicans who wanted to end reconstruction. The Liberal Republicans nominated Horace Greeley for their partys’ presidential candidate. However, Grant still managed to beat him for the presidential position. In 1873, a series of events including bad loans, and high expectations of the economy, lead the country into a destructive depression. The depression caused a plethora of lost jobs among the American people. In efforts to help end the depression and prevent inflation congress put an end to coining silver dollars and passed the Resumption Act of 1875. This act removed all paper money from the economy. The depressions economic issues were a major factor in the election of 1874. Many people betrayed on the Republican Party and voted Democrat because of the hard times they experienced during the depression. This change gave the Democratic Party control over the House of Representatives. The radical republicans lost many members; therefore lessening their abilities to pass orders. The last legislative act they did pass was the Civil Rights Act of 1875, an effort to try and eliminate racial discrimination. The election putting Democrats in power kicked off the end of Radical Reconstruction. Court Cases such as the Slaughterhouse case which argued against the 14th Amendment; and the U.S. v. Cruikshank case which discussed issues dealing with the Ku Klux Klan; also assisted in the ending of the Radical Reconstruction. There was a quarrel with the outcome of the election in 1876 between Democrat Tilden and Republican Hayes; this resulted in the Electoral count act in 1877.This act created a balanced, equal committee to recount votes. This committee concluded that Hayes won the presidency position. The democrats were outraged with the results of the election and the resulted in the Compromise of 1877. This compromise said that the Democrats would allow Hayes to become President if Federal troops were withdrawn from the south, republican agreed. This removal of troops marked the end of the reconstruction era. The end of the Civil war created a period of time in which the U.S. had to deal with, governing issues, scandals, and economic hardships. The integration of former slaves with the whites was a task that seemed impossible to achieve. The views and wants of Political Parties’ and the Presidency position changed during this time. However the North and South were joined again at last.

Specific Learning Difficulties: Dyslexia

Specific Learning Difficulties: Dyslexia Reading has become essential skill for all societies. it affects social development of these communities. Students with dyslexia have difficulties in reading skill and that may impede the development of other skills they have. Moreover, Dyslexia has been defined by medical and social approach. The need to work with children with dyslexia direction to use intervention programs. For example, Reading Recovery program. In addition, teachers tend to teaching students with reading difficulties by Whole Language Instructions and Code- Emphasis Instructions. On the other hand, there many dyslexia friendly schools in deferent countries which provide many facilities for students with dyslexia. This paper will look into different definitions of dyslexia , causes of dyslexia will be discussed . Intervention for dyslexia will be examined in terms of stages of intervention in England , issues associated with intervention and also focus on a major world-wide programme: Reading Recovery. Teaching Me thods for students with reading difficulties will be examined in terms of Whole Language Instructions and Code- emphasis Instructions. Finally, there will be discussion for Facilitating dyslexia friendly schools. Contents Introduction 1. Definition of dyslexia.. 2. Causes of dyslexia 3. Intervention for dyslexia 3.1 Definition of intervention 3.2 Stages of intervention in England 3.3 A major world-wide programme: Reading Recovery.. 3.4 Issues related to intervention 4. Methods of teaching reading skills for children with dyslexia. 4.1 Whole Language Instructions 4.2 Code- Emphasis Instructions 5. Facilitating dyslexia friendly schools Conclusion Bibliography INTRODUCATION Reading is a necessary skill for success in all societies, and the ability to read throughout various contexts effectively likely to improve self confidence and social progress as well as ones potential carrier. However, Reading difficulties is the problem that faces many students with dyslexia across different educational system. It seems clear that there are two main methods of conceiving LD in general and the natural reality concept of dyslexia. One main definition relates to psychological/medical model and the other is social model (Kevin, 1999). It is frequently point out that reading skill is complicated because it is based on two main processes which are coding, comprehension. They require learning all alphabetical characters and the outcome of knowledge as well as interaction with the readers own experiences and access to results through the text. According to H. Lee Swanson, Karen R. Harris, Steve Graham (2006 ) reading difficulties is deficit in learning processes which are include visual perception and perceptual Kinetic perception,.. etc. They established training programs for this processes which are prerequisite for learning to read, such as audio and visual perception. However, this trend has been criticized by researchers, because theoretical philosophy was weak and it was not based on scientific basic due to it was certified to see only virtual behavior. On the other hand, in the sixties and seventies of the last century has returned to focus on direct teaching and structured learning, which focus on Code -emphas is and Whole Language (Hoien, 2000).Unfortunately, there is no known medical alternatives to reduce the severity of cognitive processing delay in pupils with reading difficulties. Therefore, teachers are required to work instructional adjustments as a result, students with reading difficulties are to be successful in an suitable an academic environment that help to reduce reading difficulties (such as eliminate any source of disturbance at mainstream classrooms and resource room). One of the most important instructional adjustments is use of basic procedures for appropriate intervention in early stage of educational ladder to avoid reading problems in students through use of various programs of intervention by specialized teachers and clinical psychologist to apply. Moreover, another instructional adjustment which is methods of teaching students with dyslexia how do they read?(Kevin L. Huitt ,1999 ). On the other hand , dyslexia friendly schools are an appropriate environment for children with dyslexia are to provide effective support to them and they have awareness of the special needs of these students. They are to be provided with effective support and awareness of their additional requirements. The aim of this brief essay is to discuss different definitions of dyslexia. Intervention to reduce reading difficulties in students with dyslexia will be discussed with a focus on stages of intervention in England , issues associated with intervention and also focus on a major world-wide programme: Reading Recovery. Teaching Methods for students with reading difficulties will be examined in terms of Whole Language Instructions and Code- emphasis Instructions . Finally, Facilitating dyslexia friendly schools will be discussed in brief. 1. Definition of Dyslexia It seems a controversial issue relatively in the beginning, because dyslexia has defined in many approaches, some of the definitions reflect the theories of causation, while the other definitions in an attempt to describe dyslexia. It seems clear that dyslexia involves more than one condition as it conveys a conceptual difficulty in reading skills for the child as well as a number of other reasons (Rice, 2004). There are many of reliable definitions that have been adopted from a wide range of different instruction environments, such as definition of the British Association for Dyslexia (2001), which seems to be a descriptive definition , which indicate that dyslexia can be seen as : A combination of abilities and difficulties which affect the learning process in one or more of reading, spelling, and writing. Accompanying weakness may be identified in areas of speed of processing, short-term memory, sequencing, auditory and / or visual perception, spoken language and motor skills. It is particularly related to mastering and using written language, which may include alphabetic, numeric and musical notation ( Reid, 2002). It is agreed widely that reading skill is key for all people to complete the learning process successfully and appears to be agreement that the learning process needs to be a large number of simple skills, which requires the functions are ordered from different regions of the brain (both left and right from the Brocaà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s area and Hamichaer ), moreover, the sequence of actions that may make it one of the most complex operations. It is clear that all teachers, practitioners and parents should have information about children with dyslexia and the most important problems they face, especially in reading to understand the definition of the educational process (British Dyslexia Association, 2003). On the other, the World Federation of Neurologists (1968) defined it as; Dyslexia is a disorder manifested by difficulty in learning to read despite conventional instruction and socio-cultural opportunity. It is dependent upon fundamental cognitive disabilities which are frequently of constitutional origin. (Mortimore, 2003, by Reid, 1994, p.2). If we pay enough attention to this definition it is clear that the greatest changes considerate on the late sixties that stress and characterized problems to complete reading process to be successful, and the new millennium, that is a interested far more than three different stages of description, the first, behavioural, which is the most important element for teachers and practitioners to work daily with children with dyslexia, particularly in the school, and second, cognitive which is more relate to teacher learning difficulties who is responsible for assessment of any kind of learning difficulties and then Preparation an individual education plan, third, the level of biological, which refers to dyslexia for kind of nervous-developmental in developmental deficit of biological origin(Frith, 2003). However, if we compare the definition of the British Dyslexia Association in the definition of (2001) of dyslexia with the equivalent, which presented by the World Federation of Neurology (1968), we will note other potential conflicts, according to the conceptual dimension to the definition of dyslexia. On the other hand , it is perfectly balanced in those who wish to present the strengths and weaknesses of children with dyslexia: dyslexia is a combination of difficulties, and capacity that may affect the learning process in one or more of the writing, reading and spelling. It might be possible, identify weaknesses in visual perception, processing speed of the short-term memory, sequencing, as well as audio, spoken language and motor skills. and that are relevant to mastering and using written language, which may contain the alphabet and identify the digital as well as musical. 2. Causes of Dyslexia According to ( Rice, 2004 ) there is still no consensus on the underlying causes of dyslexia. It is frequently point out that not all the difficulty in reading or writing means dyslexia. However, there are many scientists who believe that inheritance and hearing problems at an early age may cause dyslexia. This will be discussed in more details. 2.1 Inheritance May not be possible that dyslexia is not a strong characteristic that will be inherited, even if one or both parents have it. On the other hand, this may be possible. it clear that forty per cent of the people and explained that dyslexia has a history of learning difficulties in their family. According to Brain scanning of children with dyslexia by specialists in the field of medicine that bunches of cells beneath the surface in the front left side of the brain are responsible for reading problems (ibid.). This group of cells moving on the surface of brain cells while growing in the fetus, which does not occur with children with dyslexia. In addition, they have to be smaller mango cellular system, which is liable for recognition, for example, symbols and characters, which leads to difficult to read. They usually tend to use the right part for these skills, which are not designed for this job and that six times slower. It is clear that scientists consider these genetic variations and statistics that the inheritance is one of causes of dyslexia. 2.2 Hearing Problems at an Early Age It is frequently point out that the first five years of a childs life are important for the ability to read and write in accordance with natural languages. In the event that the child is suffering from colds or other continuously during the first years of his life, without medical intervention prior to the visit of the health center, may be exposed to ban prayer from time to time and thus may lead to hearing loss. This means that there is a break in the learning process of the child because of those problems in the hearing. If the child does not have the ability to hear words correctly, and thus lead to delays in the phonemic awareness of the child that leads to learning difficulties, such as dyslexia (Bradford, 2009). 3. Intervention for Dyslexia 3.1 Definition of intervention According to Wall (2003) definition of intervention as An intervention is an interaction between two people to bring about change and, therefore, early years practitioners undertake interventions each time they are working with children. Interventions may be short, medium or long term and will be planned carefully to ensure effectiveness and appropriateness. and He suggested idea which is what and how should practitioners draw up a plan or design different and useful intervention programs for each child as a case individually, by clarifying how it could encourage teachers or staff of these children collaborative work by each category of activity classroom, which can be caused by structured plan which made through specialists. It can be seen that intervention has become a significant key in resolving of psychological educational issues which is more effective to clarify access for these issues or problems and also it is useful in reaching positive results, especially for children with learning difficulties who are at risk for any particular type of learning difficulties. It is important to note that it should be look at if one parent has dyslexia, which is likely to move to one of their children as a result it is important there is focus on the family history, which may to be assisted to alert teachers and parents therefore, it may get appropriate intervention program for these children (Augur,1993 ). If we pay enough attention to Augur indicate that developmental dyslexia is justified for certain reasons, first reason, it may be very difficult to clarify kind of developmental dyslexia that a child is born thought according to the results of brain injury as a result of stroke or an accident, etc..Moreover, the second reason which is that many specialists agree that most of these children, who are smart in most courses with the exception of some basic academic skills that need to develop and therefore it is likely that the teachers are providing success and development of the natural growth of children with dyslexia, if they were with the fact that dyslexia may not be curable but it needs to useful intervention programs. 3.2 Stages of intervention in England According to DfES (2003) that stages of intervention used in schools in Britain, with almost identical stages in America, called ( waves ). Wave 1, which is refer to initial education for literacy in schools in that there must be effective integration of all children, high quality and a daily reading and writing hour with appropriate differentiation required. Whereas, if the children do not respond correctly to primary classroom of literacy guidance therefore, intervention will be necessary. In addition, Wave 2 shows a set of specific interventions which are additional a specific time, which refer to some children who are in need of support services to accelerate development and they can work at or above age-related t the highest of expectations . Wave 3 which is describe the governance for a small number of children and intervention is necessary to provide specifically for the processor speed of evolution or allow children to achieve their potential. It is clearly that , this could include the 01:01 or specific interventions, so when it comes to older children, which is usually refer to the approach set out specifically for children that have been identified as requiring special education support by working in the school environment. The best example, as noted by the researcher that Wave 3 intervention which is reading recovery. 3.3 A major world-wide program : Reading Recovery Reading Recovery has been designed by Marie Clay, who is a researcher in New Zealand (Reading Recovery Council , 2006). Mary did studies which allowed her to develop appropriate methods for the detection and intervention for reading difficulties for children. In addition, this program is studies based intervention that is applied in more than 10000 schools in New Zealand, Canada, United Kingdom and Australia. it was a developed to offer intervention for children who have reading difficulties ( Au, Mason1990). According to Au, Mason (1990) The main of reading recovery is to offer intensive one-on-one support children who have reading difficulties in first grade and thus provide appropriate intervention to help them succeed before they improve their reading difficulties (Savage, John 1994). Moreover, it is aimed at less than twenty percent of school classes in first grade classroom . It is clear that it is not easy to make a decision about who children should be given to this program. children are taking a test and depending on the lowest scores for this test and then to hold this program for children got the lowest scores by trained teachers in the application of this program for children who have difficulties reading to reduce these difficulties and to read well (Kline, Anne 1997). It is frequently point out reading recovery is developed to be compatible with the mainstream school system. Each school needs to confirm that teachers should have the ability to download the program continuously during the year. It is clear that it has the ability to work in a variety of levels for instance it works in effective way with school, teachers, children, and in education system to provide assistance in reducing reading difficulties in children (Reading Recovery National Network,2006 ). Savage, John (1994) pointed out that Reading Recovery which is a program works differently for each child who is in need of this program. Selection of children for this program based on the report which is submitted by the teacher, and a survey about what child has knowledge of letters and concepts about print process, text reading . In addition, the program starts with what child is to have the ability to do, then it focus on what they are trying to learn and work what child need to learn about reading (Reading Recovery National Network,2006 ). According to Chapman, Turner ( 2003) the program is designed to work one-on-one instruction for thirty minutes a day for a period of twelve to twenty weeks through trained teachers. Moreover, it is designed to regular classroom reading guide. In addition, It is set out to assist based on childs strengths. The main concentration on one-on-one lessons is concentrate on comprehending the various messages in reading and students have the ability to build messages in writing skill (Reading Recovery National Network). According to Savage, John ( 1994 ) reading recovery include that : Firstly : Reading Familiar Books : students tend to read books that they enjoy. and teachers will observe how child read this book then they will assist the child while children are reading this book. Secondly : Assessment of reading strategies: the students will have a book that have never read it, in the previous lesson, the child will read that book for the teacher, then the teacher will use recorder while the child is read. Thirdly : Working on Letter recognition: The student will be trained to look at the different letters, and begins to be familiar with them. Fourthly : Introducing new books :The teacher will choose a number of different books that are suitable for students reading level. Finally : Reading new books: The teacher will show a new book for the student, and then the student will be supposed to read it in the next lesson. In addition, the teacher and student will discuss the book and provide assistance to prepare for the understanding of the story in that book before read it. It is clear that Reading program was designed to meet the special the individual needs of reader who has difficulties in reading, which seems different from child to child. Working Individually with students, preparing lessons depend on the individual needs of the child, will help to develop childrens reading (hapman, Iversen, Tunmer 2005). It is clear that the reading recovery has extensive one-on-one instruction. Not surprising to anyone that Intensification of the program and work individually with students which is influential to stage of intervention for those students who have reading difficulties. Recent research indicates that the method of one-on-one is more effective in teaching in regular classes that lead to achieving the individual needs for each student (Chapman, Tunmer 2003). Reading Recovery Council (2006 ) pointed out that many of the children are in different levels reading skill , establishment of lesson for all student is not always effective to that a student who does not understand what may be understood by other child and therefore teachers can create a lesson that will contain five elements: working with letters, reading books which are familiar to student, observe and record what is read by the student and reading new curriculum (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). it is possible to assist students achieve effective reading performance by the individual needs of them early. In addition, working individually with students to guide them educating reading strategies as well as to provide some time for the application so that they will be capable to achieve in grade stage (Educational Commissions System of the States 2000). It seems clear that the strategy of one-on-one which allows teachers to provide students all comments, compliments and questions that the teacher knows a student who has the ability to answer those questions. In addition to, the reading recovery teachers have the ability to help the student and give feedback for the work he is doing (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). On the other hand , Reading recovery will take 30 minutes for each student .It must take into account that there are some things that may be affect the students when they are in the classroom, for example: days of illness, field trips and workshops (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). Barnes, Bonnie (1996) indicate that time consuming is one of the problems related to educating Reading Recovery through the amount of paperwork which are side by side with the teaching of reading recovery to individual students. For example, a written analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the child, the report of the expectations of progress through the identification of long-term and short-term goals to child daily lesson programme. Another drawback of reading recovery is teachers. Many teachers do not usually have support from their colleagues in the school as well as they have difficulty in access to feedback on their lessons . Moreover, there are many teachers in the classroom do not have a sense of the impact of reading recovery program on the children because it is presented only one or two students in their classrooms (Noble, Jo Anne 1995). In addition, There are many teachers who are working only has the half-time reading recovery teacher. Therefore, they have the ability to service only about eight children each academic year. In addition, many schools have approximately a hundred and fifty first grade students f, this is evidence that only about sex or seven percent of children have the ability to receive reading recovery programme (Barnes, Bonnie 1996). As has been mentioned before the goal of reading recovery is to guide children in learning techniques and assist to practice time , children have the ability to deliver on grade level (Frankas, George 2000).However, reading recovery is working , regardless of economic status, gender and social status of the group of children that led to the acceleration of the effective progress this programme (Educational Leadership 1990). Centre, Wheldall (1992) pointed out that to make reading recovery programme more effective must change three elements: Behavioural change in teachers. The child behaviour change acquired through teachers. There is a need for the school to change the regulatory requirements for administrators and teachers. It is clear that the results of reading recovery program is that it offers effective intervention for students in grade school and then treatment, instead of falling into the failure in reading difficulties for these children. In addition, it is providing strong support for teachers and enable them to become more effective in reading recovery programme . Moreover, the most important outcome of the program is to be has number of children in grades 2-6 to have a few problems in reading difficulties once and then the program is implemented effectively and correctly (Noble, Jo Anne 1995). 3.4 Issues associated with intervention It is frequently point out that there is controversy about how to build effectively intervention program . Researcher will present the most important factors agreed for potential success in the planning and production of the correct intervention program. First, it taking into account the assessment procedures and examination in psychology that can explain exactly what are the skills which need to develop in children. According to Fawcett and Lynch (2000)to examine dyslexia test (designed by Nicolson and Fawcett, 1996) will be the most successful for all the teachers to their schools. In addition, this test has become highly efficient because it is interested in semantic and verbal fluency as well as knowledge of numbers. Another reason which is how quickly the application of this test. For example, it is take one minute to the task of writing and one minute in the skill of reading, moreover, spelling and other skills that could take two minutes. According to Pumfrey and Reason (2001) enhance the quantity and quality of cognitive development of children is significant factor to reach the appropriate intervention for them, it is important to take into account to confirmation that intervention at the earliest time that in order to that this procedure may not lead to a delay which is undesirable for children who have reading difficulties. In the same context, we may emphasize that the assessment procedures and examination need to be more focus by that stage, even before the application to avoid any future problems (Talcott,, 1997). However, the researcher as a teacher for special education as well as lecturer at the Department of Special Education recognizes that there are no tests in a uniform and there is a clear lack of evaluation of courses in schools in Saudi Arabia. It is clear that this is an opportunity for the researcher to obtain the correct method of assessing and screening for children who have difficulties reading in schools and the transfer of these measures and the right strategies for the development of the educational process in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Talcott, (1997) indicate that there is an Other factor which is related to people who may play an active role of detection of children who have dyslexia. Therefore, there are some people around the children who have learning difficulties and they who provide full care to alleviate the difficulties that may be in these children as well as they are trying to find the appropriate methods in educational process such as, parents, professionals as well as specialists in health care 4. Teaching Methods of Reading Skills for Children with Dyslexia As has been mentioned before is that in fact the intervention to address reading difficulties in children with dyslexia is a successful strategy to provide support appropriate for them. But it is frequently point out that , it is to look for on the strengths and weaknesses of the learner and learning styles appropriate through the school by the teacher, which is suited to the needs of each individual. Because it is known to us that each and every child with dyslexia is different according to the file and function of cognitive and learning styles appropriate to him (Reid ,1997 ). 4.1 Whole Language Instruction According to the study carried out by Frank, 1978, it was having an impact in supporting the Whole Language Instruction, teaching reading is a natural counterpart to learn to speak the sense of learning to read instinctive. In addition, Whole Language Instruction may focuses on education to be of total to the part and not vice versa (e.g. learning the skills not included in the Whole language instruction), and learning to write must occur through fun activities functional meaning, and the focus on education priority, instead of keeping the roots. Moreover, it consenter on the learner who is the center of education rather than the curriculum and education should be based on individual interaction. It is clear that it may supports education in a social environment. Moreover, the teacher is the one who set the curriculum to be concepts are interrelated rather than dividing them up into multiple skills or subsets of content and evaluation focuses on the strengths of the learner. It seems that Whole Language Instruction is a tool to deal with the class and adjust and it may provides disadvantaged students to be able to overcome reading problems ( Pressely, 1994). However, according to Mather (1992 ) Whole Language Instruction team believe that retail could disrupt learning process, so they are opposed to direct teaching of encoding, because it split the language into separate clips and skills, which may lead to the language is not used, as well as a waste of time. The Whole Language Instruction may provide meaning to the texts and it is focusing on both reading and writing, as learn the rules of language may be done without the need to teach voice. It is clear that Educators and researchers stress fact that learning may be the best when there is enjoyable environment for learning and learner will be active participant in learning process as well as the teacher must take into account individual differences between children. These principles focus upon the way of Whole Language Instruction in learning to read, the child will read full text and then he begins to recognize words and letters with helping by teacher and the child will feel motivation when he is reading and that is the most important needs, which increases the capacity of the child with dyslexia to learn to read correctly (Fuhler,1993 ) Learner (2000 ) pointed out that there are basics of teaching reading difficulties by using method of Whole Language Instruction as following : Firstly : Reading is one of the elements of internal language which is very close to oral language and written language, so teachers who use this method confirm the language written and oral reading lead to the child will be improved , when he learn to read and there is a relationship between linguistic vulnerability in children and reading difficulties, children who have language problems or mobility are likely to develop problems in writing in the early stages. Secondly : The method of verbal language may be acquired by the natural use, according to the teachers who use Whole Language Instruction that children may learn to speak without the need for special training and this means that children will learn to read naturally through exposure to learn to read by focusing on language and books which related to fluency of language. Finally : Teachers who use the method of Whole Language Instruction avoid use of separate teaching which does not focus on the link between parts of the meaning of language, as well as the way of teaching that focuses on use of separate exercises, and they believe that books that divide natural language into small pieces and mysterious that could make teaching is difficult. In addition, Whole Language Instruction users think that learning of characters is normally by way of education , it is clear that learning of letters should not be separate, but it is normally acquired through reading. 4.2 Code- emphasis Instruction It is clear that we should understand the strategies of coding in Whole Language I Samsung: Economic Indicators Samsung: Economic Indicators Samsung: Economic Indicators Abstract This paper will explain the economic indicators of the global giant Samsung Corporation. The paper will explain the relevance to the company; provide a strategy of the way in which the company may respond to the indicators, establish goals to maximize revenues for the future and explain what economic indicators are. Economic indicators are sequence of statistics gathered together to exhibit economic tendency and support in predicting future trends (McConnell, Brue Flynn, 2012). The types of indicators that will be relayed in this paper include; Unemployment, Monthly retail sales, Durable goods, Gross Domestic Product, Consumer price index and US International transactions. Economic indicators Economic indicators are simply economic statistics that indicate how the country is doing and the potential forecast for the future. Statistics used include data from the unemployment rate, the inflation rate and the Gross Domestic Product (Moffatt, 2014). There are three attributes to economic indicators. Procyclic is the indicator that moves in the same direction of the economy. If the economy is good the indicator increase, but if the opposite is true than the indicators are decreasing. An example of a procyclic is the Gross Domestic Product. The countercyclical indicator goes in the opposite of the way the economy is going. An example is the unemployment rate. Last is the acyclic indicator which has no real relation to the economy of how it develops. An example would be how many touchdowns are scored in an NFL game before halftime in a given year. Also included in the attributes of economic indicators is frequency of data (an example is Dow Jones Index) which releases data every three months while unemployment is released monthly. The last attribute is the relation to the business cycle. Three Timing Types The three types of timing economic indicators are lagged, coincident and leading. Leading indicators change before changes occur within the economy. An example is the stock market. Trends of the stock market usually indicate the status of the economy (or the prediction of). Investors rely on leading economic indicators. Lagged indicators exhibit no change until after a few quarters have passed after the economy has changed. An example is unemployment rates. Coincident indicators move as the economy does. An example is the Gross Domestic Product (Moffatt, 2014). Unemployment The unemployment rate is the number of the labor force divided by the number of unemployed. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, unemployment rate includes not having a job, actively looking for work for the past four weeks. Even if you were a temporary worker and were laid off you will still be counted. If an individual is no longer seeking employment they are not counted (Amadeo, 2014). There was a decrease in the unemployment rate to 6.10 percent in the United States in the month of August 2014. In the United State the unemployment rate has reached a record high of 10.83 in November of 1982 and a record low of 2.50 in May of 1953. Between the years of 1948 to 2014 the medium rate of unemployment was 5.83. The unemployment relates as it is a lagging indicator and therefore it measures economic events after a recession has occurred. The Federal Reserve uses this data when it sets monetary policy (Amadeo, 2014). As of January 2014 Samsung Corporation has 11,909 employees (6,101 overseas). Currently Samsung has nearly 800 jobs posted in the United States and more overseas. This data is an indicator that the availability of these positions could potentially reduce the unemployment rate in the future. Samsung is rapidly increasing its innovations and continuing to provide consumer with what they are in need of. Samsung has staying power and therefore is a good investment in the future of the economy. Monthly retail sales Samsung uses monthly retail sales as an economic indicator that closely follows the significance of commodities as it relates to its timing. Monthly retail sales are known as a coincident economic indicator because it relates to the activity of the economy. Investors find this indicator valuable because it shows how the economy is moving. By using the monthly retail sales reports investors, shareholders and stakeholders can help forecast and make better decisions as to how the company is doing in relation to the economy. Samsung sales as of second quarter 2014 dropped from $7.58 billion (last year) to $6.1 billion. This data is a result of a decrease in Smartphone and tablet sales. Critics and Samsung executives view the next quarter as a â€Å"challenge† as Chinese manufacturers of the Huawei have increased their sales thereby causing a shift in the market share contributing to the decrease in sales (McCormick, 2014). After each report is published on sales this information i s used to help Samsung to shift its focus on what areas of the company need attention. The economic indicators are a response from the consumers as to what is in demand or what is failing. The monthly retails sales provide Samsung with great insightful information into the progression of it goods and products. Durable goods Goods that are not immediately consumed and gradually wear out during the period of use are called durable goods. Durable goods are goods that can be used for three or more years (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2012). In comparison non durable goods consists of clothing, food and items that are used in the three year time period. Investors and Samsung executives can use the statistics from durable goods to potentially forecast ad/or calculate future profits. Samsung is an innovator and is growing from each technological advance. The market it hold for appliance and television is ever growing. Samsung is one of the industry’s giant when it comes to televisions. Consumers are becoming more and more fascinated with size and type of televisions. As Samsung grows in its pursuit of becoming the number one in its industry, this will help keep the company on the competitive edge. Gross Domestic Product Gross domestic product is the rate of all finished goods and services produced within a country during a certain time period. The measurement for GDP is nominal and real and used as a business cycle. As the growth in GDP rises in output a decrease in output creates the business cycle. Real GDP considers price increases while providing accurate results of production increases. Forecast earning, sales and stock prices are real GDP and based on quarterly reviews of the most recent information provided. Samsung is 25% of South Korea’s GDP. As the situation of leadership is changing as a result of Lee Kunhee has been in the hospital with bad health conditions, his son Lee Jae Yong is reported to take over his role (Pesek, 2014). Succession of a new leader will definitely have economic indicators that will influence the future of Samsung. Consumer price index Consumer price index measures the amount of change in the fixed costs of precise services and products (McConnell, Brue, Flynn, 2012). Things such as electrical, sewer and water services and products that consumers receive are included in these fixed costs. The relationship between the consumer price index and inflation are close because they help predict or forecast information for the company and their investors. Inflation rates help determines the consumer price index. The rate of inflation also determines how services and products increase. Although inflation raises the income of its consumer’s does not. This is an important factor in how Samsung regards its pricing. As inflation increases so must the prices of Samsung products and services. Keeping or managing inflation rates, Samsung can continue to compete with fair prices and continue to provide the best consumer value. US International transactions A report that is produced by the Bureau of Economic Analysis providing international data on goods and cash flow is called U.S. International Transactions. This is a published quarterly report that displays an array of information. Data such as financial and capital account (through cash flows) as well as exports for the time period are included in the report. Samsung is the leading global company. Half of its employees are spread throughout the world. Samsung’s goal is to continue to build risk management systems and global operating systems internationally. Already established as a global giant, Samsung reaches out to world class partners to create new opportunities. Together Samsung wants to continue to grow and provide the best products and services to its valued customers. Conclusion Economic indicators are important to the economy of any country. The data retrieved from indicators help determine the direction a company or country is leading to. Samsung is a global giant that is mastering the use of economic indicators in its pursuit of its vision of 2020 to become number one in its industry. Over the past 75 years Samsung has attributed its success to its people and its products. Samsung will continue to manifest into a leader as the priorities of the corporation remain the same; understanding what the consumer wants and placing their employees in a place of important value. References Amadeo, K. (2014). Unemployment Rate. Retrieved from About News: http://useconomy.about.com/od/economicindicators/p/unemploy_rate.htm McConnell, C., Brue, S., Flynn, S. (2012). Economics, 19th Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill. McCormick, R. (2014, July 30). Samsung sales and profits down despite Galaxy 5S launchf . Retrieved from The Verge: http://www.theverge.com/2014/7/30/5953603/samsung-sales-and-profits-down-q2-2014 Moffatt, M. (2014). A Beginners Guide to economic indicators. What are economic indicators? Retrieved from About education: http://economics.about.com/cs/businesscycles/a/economic_ind.htm Pesek, W. (2014, June 24). Samsungs role in South Korea GDP is risky. Retrieved from Malaymail online: http://www.themalaymailonline.com/opinion/bloomberg/article/samsungs-outsized-role-in-korean-gdp-is-risky-william-pesek

The Operation of Humans vs. Computers Essay -- Computer Science

The comparison of how humans and computers operate is an integral part of research in Cognitive Psychology. This essay discusses how this comparison allows us to turn ways in which humans and computers are similar into the development of useful computational models. These enhance our understanding of human perception in more detailed and quantitative ways which traditional research would not allow. It contrasts this by describing ways in which humans and computers are different, highlighting how such models may have limited application, and must be kept in perspective. The field of visual perception is one which has made good use of computational models to advance its knowledge, and so is a logical exemplar. One of the first instances of using a computational model to research visual perception was in response to the classic problem â€Å"how does the visual system ‘know’ that the varied appearance of a coloured surface is a property of the surface rather than its illumination?† (Gordon, 2004, p. 187). Both Land and McCann (1971) and Horn (1974) suggested that the key distinction is that the effect of a change in illumination is gradual, whereas changes that are because of an object’s edges are abrupt. To investigate, they recorded output differences from two adjacent detectors which sample lightness values. They found that the difference in output on a uniform surface with a change in illumination was small and insignificant, whereas when the detectors were on either side of a boundary between two surfaces of different lightness, there was a large difference in output. This suggests that our visual system uses a similar method to detect important changes in su rfaces properties and distinguish them from transitory changes in illumin... ...em such as vision, it is important not to oversimplify the idea to the point where a model is no longer representative of how the brain is working. Works Cited Dreyfus, H. L. (1972). What computers can’t do: A critique of artificial reason. New York: Harper & Row. Gordon, I. E. (2004). Theories of visual perception (3rd ed.). Hove: Psychology Press. Horn, B. K. (1974). Determining lightness from an image. Computer Graphics and Image Processing. 3, 277-299. Land, E. H. & McCann, J. J. (1971). Lightness and retinex theory. Journal of the Optical Society of America, 61, 1-11. Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A computational investigation into the human representation and processing of visual information. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman. Marr, D. & Hildreth, E. (1980) Theory of edge detection. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B, 207, 187-217.

Economic Inequality in Toni Cade Bambaras The Lesson Essay examples --

Sylvia and The Struggle Against Class Consciousness in Toni Cade Bambara's "The Lesson" "The Lesson" by Toni Cade Bambara is not just a spirited story about a poor girl out of place in an expensive toy store, it is a social commentary. "The Lesson" is a story about one African-American girl's struggle with her growing awareness of class inequality. The character Miss Moore introduces the facts of social inequality to a distracted group of city kids, of whom Sylvia, the main character, is the most cynical. Flyboy, Fat Butt, Junebug, Sugar, Rosie, Sylvia and the rest think of Miss Moore as an unsolicited educator, and Sylvia would rather be doing anything else than listening to her. The conflict between Sylvia and Miss Moore, "This nappy-head bitch and her goddamn college degree" (307), represents more than the everyday dislike of authority by a young adolescent. Sylvia has her own perception of the way things work, her own "world" that she does not like to have invaded by the prying questions of Miss Moore. Sylvia knows in the back of her mind that she is poor, but it ne ver bothers her until she sees her disadvantages in blinding contrast with the luxuries of the wealthy. As Miss Moore introduces her to the world of the rich, Sylvia begins to attribute shame to poverty, and this sparks her to question the "lesson" of the story, how "money ain't divided up right in this country" (308). Sylvia uses her daydreams as an alternative to situations she doesn't want to deal with, making a sharp distinction between reality as it is and reality as she wants to perceive it. For instance, as they ride in a cab to the toy store, Miss Moore puts Sylvia in charge of the fare and tells her to give the driver ten percent. Instead of figurin... ...siting F.A.O. Schwarz awakens in Sylvia an internal struggle she has never felt, and through criticizing Miss Moore, Sylvia distances herself from realizing her poverty. In her responses to the toys, their prices, and the unseen people who buy them, it is evident that Sylvia is confronting the truth of Miss Moore's lesson. As Sylvia begins to understand social inequality, the realization of her own disadvantage makes her angry. For Sylvia, achieving class consciousness is a painful enlightenment. For her to accept that she is underprivileged is shameful for her, and Sylvia would rather deny it than admit a wound to her pride: "ain't nobody gonna beat me at nuthin" (312). Works Cited Bambara, Toni Cade. "The Lesson." Eds. Hans P. Guth and Gabriele L. Rico. Discovering Literature: Fiction, Poetry, and Drama. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997. 307-12.